Evolution of Lighting: From the Early Days of Public Lighting to Smart Cities - Review

Abstract

The advancement of lighting technology is one of the most significant innovations in the history of civilization, reflecting humanity's ongoing effort to conquer darkness. From early natural light sources, such as fire and oil lamps, to modern, energy-efficient artificial lighting—like incandescent bulbs, fluorescent tubes, and LEDs—lighting has profoundly influenced our ways of living, working, and interacting in society. This paper reviews the evolution of lighting technology, closely examining its relationship with scientific and technological progress as well as socio-economic changes. It highlights crucial milestones in the history of lighting, the emergence of various light sources, their operation, and their overall impact on society. Special attention is given to the social, economic, and environmental impacts of lighting technology, as well as future trends. The analysis encompasses the advantages and disadvantages of various light sources, taking into account future perspectives for lighting technology, particularly in terms of energy efficiency and sustainability. It also explores potential future developments in smart lighting and its applications.